Python: filter(), map(), reduce(), and apply() functions

1. Lambda Functions:

• lambda arguments: expression - Create an anonymous inline function.

square = lambda x: x ** 2
result = square(5)  # Result is 25

2. Filter Function:

• filter(function, iterable) - Filter elements from an iterable based on a function.

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
even_numbers = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))  # [2, 4, 6]

3. Map Function:

• map(function, iterable) - Apply a function to each element in an iterable and return a map object.

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squared = list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, numbers))  # [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

4. Reduce Function (functools):

• functools.reduce(function, iterable, initializer=None) - Applies a binary function cumulatively to the items of an iterable, reducing them to a single value.

from functools import reduce

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, numbers)  
# Result is 120 (1*2*3*4*5)

5. Apply Function (Pandas):

In pandas, the apply() function is used to apply a function along the axis of a DataFrame or Series.

• df.apply(func…